Olive Tree Labs: Software for sound propagation. Logo-Sound-of-Numbers, SONarchitech: software for building acoustics. Sound level meters. The processing of olive tree is a tradition for us. Passing from generation to generation the art of woodcarving became our passion and dedication, and faithfully following the techniques of our ancestors we offer you unique handmade products directly from mother nature.
Related Articles
- 1 Recommended Fertilizer for Tina Crabapple
- 2 Slow-Release Fertilizer for Trees
- 3 Fertilizing Naval Oranges
- 4 What to Feed a Mango Tree
Tough, drought-resistant, adaptable, long-lived, hardy -- all these terms characterize olive trees (Olea europaea). Native to the Mediterranean area, olive trees are adapted to grow on poor soil yet still produce fruit. They don't require high fertilizer levels to grow well; too much fertilizer can actually harm crop production and oil quality. Olives grow best if they are fed throughout the growing season, with the main need being nitrogen. Olives grow in U.S. Department of Agriculture hardiness zones 9 through 11.
Kinds of Fertilizers
Organic and chemical fertilizers each benefit olive trees. Organic fertilizers, such as compost and aged animal manure, supply trees with a fertilizer source that decomposes over an extended time and helps amend the soil. Many European growers fertilize olive trees with organic fertilizer every other year. Chemical fertilizers address immediate growing needs or nutritional deficiencies very quickly. Controlled release fertilizers give olive trees adequate fertilizer coverage for several months. Liquid fertilizers give immediate results but have to be repeated on a regular basis during the growing season; follow manufacturer's directions.
Nitrogen Fertilizers
Nitrogen is the one nutrient an olive tree may be deficient in. It is needed for formation of flowers, fruit and leaves. During spring growing season, for mature trees, give each tree 2 pounds of urea or 50 pounds of compost. For young trees, give 1 ounce of urea each month and water it in well. Other chemical formulations, such as ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, calcium nitrate, or ammonium phosphate, have varying proportions of nitrates or ammonia for the nitrogen source and have different application rates. Consult your county agent for proper application rates. It's best to divide the total yearly amount a tree needs over the months of the growing season rather than apply too much at once.
Phosphorus, Potassium and Trace Elements
It is unlikely that olive trees would be deficient in either phosphorus or potassium. Olive trees don't need as much of these elements as other types of fruit-bearing trees. When using organic fertilizers, the olive tree usually gets all the potassium it needs. Unless soils are very poor, olives usually have satisfactory levels of secondary and trace elements like copper, zinc, manganese, magnesium and calcium. Paul Vossen, in his book on organic olive production, notes that California olive trees are unknown to be deficient in these minerals or in phosphorus. Limited local instances of boron deficiencies have occurred.
Application
Fertilizers should be applied to the top of the ground beneath the tree branches, but not close to the trunk. Water fertilizers in after application or time application just before significant rain. Foliar sprays don't give as effective results as fertilizer taken up by the roots. When deficiencies are severe, use foliar sprays for immediate results plus long-lasting ground applications to correct the problem. Avoid using formulations high in nitrogen meant for fast vegetative growth. Olive trees don't grow during cool winter months, so fertilizer isn't needed during this time.
Analyzing Deficiencies
To know which fertilizer olive trees need, send tissue samples from olive leaves to a laboratory for analysis. Samples should be taken in July, when nutrient levels are most stable. Some soils, such as those high in clay, retain nitrogen and yearly application isn't needed. If an olive tree isn't growing well, don't just give it fertilizer as a sort of magic bullet. First find out what else could be wrong, since olives are seldom nutrient-deficient. Often olives need more water or better drainage. They also could need to have weeds or nearby plants controlled so they don't compete with the olive for food and water.
References (5)
- Organic Olive Production Manual; Paul Vossen editor
About the Author
Cathryn Chaney has worked as a gardening writer since 2002. Her horticultural experience working in the nursery industry informs her garden articles, especially those dealing with arid landscaping and drought-tolerant gardening. Chaney also writes poetry, which has appears in 'Woman's World' magazine and elsewhere. Chaney graduated from the University of Arizona in 1992 with a Bachelor of Arts in English.
Photo Credits
- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
Choose Citation Style
Chaney, Cathryn. 'Fertilizer for Olive Trees.' Home Guides | SF Gate, http://homeguides.sfgate.com/fertilizer-olive-trees-45627.html. Accessed 14 June 2019.
Chaney, Cathryn. (n.d.). Fertilizer for Olive Trees. Home Guides | SF Gate. Retrieved from http://homeguides.sfgate.com/fertilizer-olive-trees-45627.html
Chaney, Cathryn. 'Fertilizer for Olive Trees' accessed June 14, 2019. http://homeguides.sfgate.com/fertilizer-olive-trees-45627.html
Note: Depending on which text editor you're pasting into, you might have to add the italics to the site name.
Geometrical acoustics or ray acoustics is a branch of acoustics that studies propagation of sound on the basis of the concept of rays considered as lines along which the acoustic energy is transported.[1] This concept is similar to the concept of geometrical optics, or ray optics, that studies light propagation in terms of rays. Geometrical acoustics is the approximate theory, which is valid in the limiting case of very small acoustic wavelengths, or very high frequencies. The principal task of geometrical acoustics is to determine the trajectories of sound rays. The rays have the simplest form in a homogeneous medium, where they are straight lines. If the acoustic parameters of the medium are functions of spatial coordinates, the ray trajectories become curvilinear, describing sound reflection, refraction, possible focusing, etc. The equations of geometric acoustics have essentially the same form as those of geometric optics. The same laws of reflection and refraction hold for sound rays as for light rays. Geometrical acoustics does not take into account such important wave effects as diffraction. However, it provides a very good approximation when the wavelength is very small compared to the characteristic dimensions of inhomogeneous inclusions through which the sound propagates.
Mathematical description[edit]
The below discussion is from Landau and Lifshitz.[2] If the amplitude and the direction of propagation varies slowly over the distances of wavelength, then an arbitrary sound wave can be approximated locally as a plane wave. In this case, the velocity potential can be written as
- Ï=eiÏ{displaystyle phi =mathrm {e} ^{mathrm {i} psi }}
For plane wave Ï=kâ
râÏt+α{displaystyle psi ={boldsymbol {k}}cdot {boldsymbol {r}}-omega t+alpha }, where k{displaystyle {boldsymbol {k}}} is a constant wavenumber vector, Ï{displaystyle omega } is a constant frequency, r{displaystyle {boldsymbol {r}}} is the radius vector, t{displaystyle t} is the time and α{displaystyle alpha } is some arbitrary complex constant. The function Ï{displaystyle psi } is called the eikonal. We expect the eikonal to vary slowly with coordinates and time consistent with the approximation, then in that case, a Taylor series expansion provides
- Ï=Ïo+râ âÏâr+tâÏât.{displaystyle psi =psi _{o}+{boldsymbol {r}}cdot {frac {partial psi }{partial {boldsymbol {r}}}}+t{frac {partial psi }{partial t}}.}
Equating the two terms for Ï{displaystyle psi }, one finds
- k=âÏâr,Ï=ââÏât{displaystyle {boldsymbol {k}}={frac {partial psi }{partial {boldsymbol {r}}}},quad omega =-{frac {partial psi }{partial t}}}
For sound waves, the relation Ï2=c2k2{displaystyle omega ^{2}=c^{2}k^{2}} holds, where c{displaystyle c} is the speed of sound and k{displaystyle k} is the magnitude of the wavenumber vector. Therefore, the eikonal satisfies a first order nonlinear partial differential equation,
- (âÏâx)2+(âÏây)2+(âÏâz)2â1c2(âÏât)2=0.{displaystyle left({frac {partial psi }{partial x}}right)^{2}+left({frac {partial psi }{partial y}}right)^{2}+left({frac {partial psi }{partial z}}right)^{2}-{frac {1}{c^{2}}}left({frac {partial psi }{partial t}}right)^{2}=0.}
where c{displaystyle c} can be a function of coordinates if the fluid is not homogeneous. The above equation is same as HamiltonâJacobi equation where the eikonal can be considered as the action. Since HamiltonâJacobi equation is equivalent to Hamilton's equations, by analogy, one finds that
- dkdt=ââÏâr,drdt=âÏâk{displaystyle {frac {mathrm {d} {boldsymbol {k}}}{mathrm {d} t}}=-{frac {partial omega }{partial {boldsymbol {r}}}},quad {frac {mathrm {d} {boldsymbol {r}}}{mathrm {d} t}}={frac {partial omega }{partial {boldsymbol {k}}}}}
Practical applications[edit]
Practical applications of the methods of geometrical acoustics can be found in very different areas of acoustics. For example, in architectural acoustics the rectilinear trajectories of sound rays make it possible to determine reverberation time in a very simple way. The operation of fathometers and hydrolocators is based on measurements of the time required for sound rays to travel to a reflecting object and back. The ray concept is used in designing sound focusing systems. Also, the approximate theory of sound propagation in inhomogeneous media (such as the ocean and the atmosphere) has been developed largely on the basis of the laws of geometrical acoustics.[3][4]
The methods of geometrical acoustics have a limited range of applicability because the ray concept itself is only valid for those cases where the amplitude and direction of a wave undergo little changes over distances of the order of wavelength of a sound wave. More specifically, it is necessary that the dimensions of the rooms or obstacles in the sound path should be much greater than the wavelength. If the characteristic dimensions for a given problem become comparable to the wavelength, then wave diffraction begins to play an important part, and this is not covered by geometric acoustics.[1]
Software applications[edit]
The concept of geometrical acoustics is widely used in software applications. Some software applications that use geometrical acoustics for their calculations are ODEON, Enhanced Acoustic Simulator for Engineers, and Olive Tree Lab Terrain.
References[edit]
- ^ ab'Geometric Acoustics'. The Free Dictionary. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
- ^Landau, L. D., & Sykes, J. B. (1987). Fluid Mechanics: Vol 6.
- ^Urick, Robert J. Principles of Underwater Sound, 3rd Edition. New York. McGraw-Hill, 1983.
- ^C. H. Harrison, Ocean propagation models, Applied Acoustics 27, 163-201 (1989).
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geometrical_acoustics&oldid=856884649'